persistent chemical examples

[1] Although some POPs arise naturally (e.g. Food contact material (FCM)-relevant substances that may be classified as mobile include, for example, quaternary ammonium compounds, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), and potentially perchlorates (CAS 14797-73-0). (prss tnt, -zs-) adj. PBTs typically accumulate in fatty tissues and are slowly metabolized, often increasing in concentration within the food chain. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Entirely dependent on their mother, the cubs follow obediently. "Persistent Organic Pollutants and Neurological Disorders: From Exposure to Preventative Interventions." Senators Susan Collins (R-ME) and Richard Blumenthal (D-CT) introduced the No PFAS in Cosmetics Act. If passed by the Senate and House and signed into law, it would require the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to ban the use of PFAS chemicals in cosmetics products and would also require websites selling cosmetics to include full labeling and product warnings. [1] Many POPs are capable of endocrine disruption within the reproductive system, the central nervous system, or the immune system. People and animals are exposed to POPs mostly through their diet, occupationally, or while growing in the womb. 19, no. [6] POPs can be present as vapors in the atmosphere or bound to the surface of solid particles (aerosols). It took until 2004 for all member countries to ratify the list. Nature, 2013., doi:10.1038/nature.2013.12776. Currently, UBA is working on putting together a detailed list of persistent and mobile chemicals, according to several criteria it has proposed during the workshop. "The Evolution of Chemical Pesticides." Persistent Organic Pollutants and Obesity: Are They Potential Mechanisms for Breast Cancer Promotion? 22, no. POPs can be created either intentionally or unintentionally. . Mind the gap: Persistent and mobile organic compoundswater contaminants that slip through. Environmental Protection Agency. Learn more about PIP (3:1) uses. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are chemicals of global concern due to their potential for long-range transport, persistence in the environment, ability to bio-magnify and bio-accumulate in ecosystems, as well as their significant negative effects on human health and the environment. EPA prohibitedthe manufacturing (including import), processing, and distribution in commerce of HCBD and HCBD-containing products or articles, except for the unintentional production of HCBD as a byproduct during the production of chlorinated solvents, and the processing and distribution in commerce of HCBD for burning as a waste fuel. "Toxicological Profile for Aldrin/Dieldrin." Ratcliffe, D.A. The banned dirty dozen POPs are: In 2009 the Stockholm Convention added another nine chemicals and chemical groups to the list. Endrin. Recently there has been significant new emphasis on a class of old problems: Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic chemicals, or PBTs. Recall that persistent and residual antimicrobial effects can be achieved bymerely inhibiting microbial growth of normal flora,;a passiveantimicrobial effect. 277, 2021, pp. The study aimed to answer the question whether or not chronic, low level exposure to POPs can have a health impact on the endocrine system and development of organisms from different species. The Stockholm Convention mandated banning or phasing out of all twelve POPs. Then, in1972, the widely used and exceptionally harmful POP pesticide DDT was banned. Walker, C.H., "Organic Pollutants: An Ecotoxicological Perspective" (2001), Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances Human health concerns associated with PFASs, Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances Prevalence in rainwater, Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Center for International Environmental Law, Environmental Persistent Pharmaceutical Pollutant, Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances, "Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic Chemicals (PBTs)", "Persistent organic pollutants in serum and several different fat compartments in humans", "Persistent Organic Pollutants: A Global Issue, A Global Response", "Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) breeding off Mozambique and Ecuador show geographic variation of persistent organic pollutants and isotopic niches", "STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS", "Persistent organic pollutants exposure during pregnancy, maternal gestational weight gain, and birth outcomes in the mother-child cohort in Crete, Greece (RHEA study)", "Emerging chemical risks in Europe 'PFAS', "Toxicological profile for Perfluoroalkyls", Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Some Chemicals Used as Solvents and in Polymer Manufacture", "Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposures and incident cancers among adults living near a chemical plant", "Analysis of PFOA in dosed CD-1 mice. A June 2021articleby the Green Science Policy Institute described a study in which investigators found organic fluorine in 52% of 231 personal care products purchased in the United States and Canada. For other uses, see, In 2022 it was found that levels of at least four perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Compounds on the Stockholm Convention list, New POPs on the Stockholm Convention list, Gestational weight gain and newborn head circumference. Environmental Contaminants and Neurological Disorders, 2021, pp. 4223-4227., doi:10.1007/s11356-015-5225-9, Reaves, Denise K., et al. The list is expected to be publicized later this summer. Whitehead, Heather D., et al. direct photolysis as well as oxidation by OH radicals or ozone. "The 12 Initial POPs Under the Stockholm Convention." [22] This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Mobile Chemikalien wenn Filter nichts mehr ntzen. The initial meeting in 2001 made a preliminary list, termed the "dirty dozen", of chemicals that are classified as POPs. What do you mean by persistent pollutants? However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Mirex. Wallace, D.R. What are persistent toxic chemicals and how are they related to industry? The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) describe three qualities of POPs, which have been documented in a broad range of scientific studies. 23, no. 11, no. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. 1 In addition to causing compromised vision and ocular discomfort, nonhealing corneal . YouTube sets this cookie via embedded youtube-videos and registers anonymous statistical data. The "G" agents tend to be non-persistent whereas the "V" agents are persistent. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Certain persistent and polar substances may pose a hazard to drinking water resources. to keep Food Packaging Forums work going. Rebecca Coffey is an award-winning science writer with over 35 years of experience. POPs were produced plentifully in the United States in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. YSC cookie is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos on Youtube pages. What are various methods available for deploying a Windows application? These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. "An Overview of Persistent Organic Pollutants Along the Coastal Environment of Kuwait." [44], Current studies aimed at minimizing POPs in the environment are investigating their behavior in photocatalytic oxidation reactions. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. determines the extent of the dispersal of a chemical agent. They exert their negative effects on the environment through two processes, long range transport, which allows them to travel far from their source, and bioaccumulation, which reconcentrates these chemical compounds to potentially dangerous levels. For females exposed to POPs, altered reproductive tissues and pregnancy outcomes as well as endometriosis have been reported. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chlordane is lethal to some fish and birds and may be a human carcinogen. In June of 2021,Marylandbanned the manufacture and sale of cosmetics and personal care products containing toxic ingredients. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. They are transported bywindandwateraround the world. EPA also prohibited releases to water from the remaining manufacturing, processing, and distribution in commerce activities, and requiring commercial users of PIP (3:1) and PIP (3:1)-containing products to follow existing regulations and best practices to prevent releases to water during use. "Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Fish Species from Different Lakes of the Lesser Himalayan Region (LHR), Pakistan: The Influence of Proximal Sources in Distribution of POPs." Learn more about DecaBDE uses. Both have been used as chemical weapons but phosgene is an important precursor in the manufacture of plastics and chloropicrin is used as a fumigant. Environmental Protection Agency. As a chemical that can perform several functions simultaneously, sometimes under extreme conditions, it has several distinctive applications. EPA prohibited the manufacture (including import), processing, and distribution in commerce of PCTP, and products or articles containing PCTP, unless PCTP concentrations are at or below 1% by weight. For this reason, they bioaccumulate in fatty tissues. A compound can be persistent due to its chemical structure. Environmental Impact and Current Uses, The Treehugger Guide to Sustainable Certifications, What Is the California Toxic Free Cosmetics Act? POPs that are found in humans and in aquatic environments the most are the main subjects of these experiments. Processing and distribution in commerce for recycling of plastic that contained decaBDE before the plastic was recycled (i.e., the plastic to be recycled is from articles and products that were originally made with decaBDE), and the articles and products made from such recycled plastic so long as no new decaBDE is added during the recycling or production process. Mirex. It was even put into lakes to kill unwanted fish. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In the past POPs were used in various products including . . 143351., doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143351, Hao, Yanfen, et al. Following issuance of Executive Order 13990 (Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to Tackle the Climate Crisis) and other administration priorities, EPA requested and received comment on the January 2021 PBT rules. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Chlordane. Persistent chemicals are those chemicals that tend to endure in the environment for years after they are released into it. PCBs(polychlorinated biphenyls). Some concrete examples of hazardous chemicals include: Acids Glues Heavy metals Paints Drugs Cleaning chemicals Degreasers Detergents Pesticides Herbicides Petrol/fuel Asbestos Gases Corrosives This is not an exhaustive list, and as you can see, each 'chemical' above will have a number of chemicals in its category. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), sometimes known as "forever chemicals", are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes. Some "G . Chemical weapons can be categorized by their physical characteristics, such as lethality, persistency, mode of action on the human body, and physical state (i.e., gas, liquid, or solid) when being delivered. Still, some PCBs are inadvertently generated as byproducts of other manufacturing processes. 115, no. ed. from volcanoes), most are man-made. The stability and lipophilicity of organic compounds often correlates with their halogen content, thus polyhalogenated organic compounds are of particular concern. More sophisticated detectors, such as the Chemical Agent Monitor (CAM) and the M8A1 Chemical agent alarm can detect nerve and blister agents as vapors. 208-210., doi:10.1038/215208a0. Most uses of heptachlor were banned in the United States by 1978, though until 2000 the insecticide was still being used to control fire ants in underground cable boxes. [20], The majority of POPs are known to disrupt normal functioning of the endocrine system. Persistent bioaccumulative toxic substances (PBTs) are chemicals that do not degrade easily in the environment. Proficient with MATLAB, AutoCAD, SolidWorks, Microsoft Visio, and SQL. 24, 2017, pp. 8, no. Harrad, S., "Persistent Organic Pollutants" (2010). EPA has concluded that exposure to 2,4,6-TTBP under the conditions of use is likely. Product testing is an important aspect of this position, which is why the chemical engineer CV example highlights several examples of testing and perfecting . [4], POPs enter the gas phase under certain environmental temperatures and volatize from soils, vegetation, and bodies of water into the atmosphere, resisting breakdown reactions in the air, to travel long distances before being re-deposited. Along with its gruesome physical effects, mustard gas. Blister agents (also known as vesicants) are one of the most common chemical weapon agents, typically dispersed via liquid, vapour, aerosol or dust. According to the website of the nonprofitEnvironmental Working Group, an advocacy group of scientists, policy experts, lawyers, and communications and data experts, the United States as a whole is far behind Japan and countries of the European Union in banning harmful chemicals from personal products. "Public Health Statement: Aldrin and Dieldrin." Fisher Scientific. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. [5][13] This increase in concentration is called biomagnification, which is where organisms higher up in the food chain have a greater accumulation of POPs. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Learn more about PIP (3:1) uses. Excluded from this definition are riot control agents, herbicides, smoke, and flame. What does persistent chemical mean? "Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): A Global Issue, a Global Challenge." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Below is a summary of the uses, identified hazards, and risk management actions for each of the five PBT chemicals. Dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans(dioxins and furans) are byproducts of combustion, chlorine bleaching of pulp and paper, and of the manufacturing of pesticides and some other chemicals. POPs have harmful impacts on human health or on the environment. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is a multilateral treaty to protect human health and the environment from chemicals, known as POPs. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. POPs typically are halogenated organic compounds (see lists below) and as such exhibit high lipid solubility. However, PAHs can react with ozone and hydroxyl radicals to . In buildings, it was used for termite control. After DDT was banned in 1972, toxaphene became very popular. Disposition of PFOA in tissues and fluids from pregnant and lactating mice and their pups", "Gestational and chronic low-dose PFOA exposures and mammary gland growth and differentiation in three generations of CD-1 mice", "Exposure to per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Markers of Liver Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "Predictors of PFOA levels in a community surrounding a chemical plant", "Probable Link Evaluation for heart disease (including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, coronary artery disease)", "Probable Link Evaluation of Autoimmune Disease", "Probable Link Evaluation of Thyroid disease", "Probable Link Evaluation of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension and Preeclampsia", "Outside the Safe Operating Space of a New Planetary Boundary for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)", "Pollution: 'Forever chemicals' in rainwater exceed safe levels", "Toxic Forever Chemicals Widespread in Top Makeup Brands, Study Finds--Researchers Find Signs of PFAS in over Half of 231 Samples of Products Including Lipstick, Mascara and Foundation", World Health Organization Persistent Organic Pollutants: Impact on Child Health, Resources on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persistent_organic_pollutant&oldid=1115923766, This page was last edited on 13 October 2022, at 22:25. This is a close chemical relative to dieldrin and was used as an agricultural insecticide as well as a pesticide that killed rodents and birds. As a chemical that can perform several functions simultaneously, sometimes under extreme conditions, it has several distinctive applications. Learn more about the letter peer reviews. Photochemical degradation is negligible compared to photocatalytic degradation. "Persistent Organic Pollutants and Obesity: Are They Potential Mechanisms for Breast Cancer Promotion?" Additionally, in March 2022, EPA issued a final rule further extending the compliance dates for the prohibitions on processing and distribution and the associated recordkeeping requirement of one of these PBT chemicals, phenol, isopropylated phosphate (3:1) (PIP (3:1)) when used in certain articles until October 31, 2024. persistent toxic substances (pts) include the stockholm persistent organic pollutants, like dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin/furan, etc., and organometallic compounds, like organomercury, organotin, and organolead, which all share the same characteristics of being persistent, toxic, bioaccumulative, and able to . 245-262., doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-818095-2.00012-6. Endocrine-Related Cancer, vol. Persistent definition, persisting, especially in spite of opposition, obstacles, discouragement, etc. 3 What are persistent pollutants give an example? In 1995, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) commissioned an assessment of an initial list of 12 POPs that scientific studies had identified as especially threatening. For example, for organisms exposed to a mixture of POPs, the effects are assumed to be additive. (PIP (3:1)). With synergistic effects, the toxicity of each compound is enhanced (or depressed) by the presence of other compounds in the mixture. Non-persistent oils will dissipate easily and quickly through evaporation and so these oils will not require an active response to clean up. All POPs are synthetic. It is highly toxic to fish and persists in the environment for about 12 years. "Time Trends of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Chemicals of Emerging Arctic Concern (CEAC) in Arctic Air from 25 Years of Monitoring." This happens because more of their food and water sources also contain the persistent chemical. They include commonly recognized names like the pesticide DDT and the large group of. Ahmed, Hammed, et al. identification as a substance of very high concern (SVHC). Nature, vol. U.S. Congress. In 1978, Congress prohibited the manufacture of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and severely restricted the use of remaining PCB stocks. PFAS are used in the manufacture of a wide range of products such as food packaging and clothing. Manufacture, processing, and distribution in commerce for use in curtains in the hospitality industry, and the distribution of the curtains themselves, for a period of 18 months, after which the prohibition would go into effect; Processing and distribution in commerce for use in wire and cable insulation in nuclear power generation facilities, and the distribution of the wire and cable insulation that contains decaBDE, for a period of two years, after which the prohibition would go into effect; Manufacture, processing, and distribution in commerce for use in parts for new aerospace vehicles, and distribution in commerce of the new vehicles containing such parts, for a period of three years, after which the prohibitions would go into effect; Manufacture, processing, and distribution in commerce for those aerospace vehicles produced with decaBDE containing parts will be excluded from the prohibition until the end of their service lives; manufacture, processing, and distribution in commerce for use in replacement parts for aerospace vehicles, and distribution in commerce of the replacement parts themselves; Manufacture, processing, and distribution in commerce for use in replacement parts in motor vehicles, and distribution in commerce of the replacement parts themselves until the end of the vehicles service lives or 2036, whichever is earlier; Distribution in commerce of plastic shipping pallets manufactured prior to the publication of the final rule that contain decaBDE until the end of the pallets service lives; and. Specifically, EPA asked for comment on additional actions that could be taken to reduce exposures to these PBT chemicals to the extent practicable. Defined as air bursting, ground contaminating (i.e., aircraft spray or air bursting munitions). The first synthetic insecticide,DDTwas widely used in World War II through 1972 to defeat disease-carrying insects like malaria and typhus. Not knowing whom to trust,President John F. Kennedyasked the Life Sciences Panel of the Presidents Science Advisory Committee (PSAC) to investigate Carsons claims. POPs, orpersistent organic pollutants, are toxic chemicals that accumulate and poison the environment. (2016). Indeed, in the environment and in animal and human bodies, aldrin converts to dieldrin, which has a half-life of five years. Examples Most pesticides available for home use are considered non-persistent pesticides as most. They are also used by major companies of the cosmetics industry in a wide range of cosmetics, including lipstick, eye liner, mascara, foundation, concealer, lip balm, blush, nail polish and other such products. The compounds are structurally similar. "Learn About Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)." The natural capacity for animals gastrointestinal tract to concentrate ingested chemicals, along with poorly metabolized and hydrophobic nature of POPs, makes such compounds highly susceptible to bioaccumulation. Types of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) include intentionally produced chemicals such as pesticides aldrin, chlordane, DDT (1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis[p-chlorophenyl]-ethane), dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and toxaphene as well as industrial chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls . EPA prohibited processing and distribution in commerce of PIP (3:1), and products and articles containing the chemical substance, for all uses, except for the following: EPA required that persons manufacturing, processing, and distributing in commerce PIP (3:1) and products containing PIP (3:1) notify their customers of these restrictions. Examples of persistent organic pollutants include: Aldrin. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". DecaBDE is also used as a flame retardant for multiple applications for aerospace and automotive vehicles, including replacement parts for aircraft and cars. U.S. Congress. Recent studies of indoor dust and air have implicated indoor environments as a major sources for human exposure via inhalation and ingestion. 775, 2021, pp. The lower the birth weight and head circumference of the infants was, the higher POP levels during prenatal development had been, but only if mothers had either excessive or inadequate weight gain during pregnancy. This technique was investigated by Mohamed Nageeb Rashed of Aswan University, Egypt. remaining infective for a relatively long . Pursuant to the statute, no risk evaluation was required for these chemicals. [9][10], Bioaccumulation of POPs is typically associated with the compounds high lipid solubility and ability to accumulate in the fatty tissues of living organisms for long periods of time. Blister agents. In September 2021, EPA announced its intent to initiate a new rulemaking and anticipates proposing new rules in the Spring of 2023 for five PBT chemicals that are the subject of final risk management rules under TSCA. During its decades of high use, DDT so effectively contained malaria outbreaks that its inventor was awarded a Nobel Prize. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Non-persistent pesticides break down in the environment more quickly than persistent pesticides. "Dioxins, Furans and Dioxin-Like Polychlorinated Biphenyls Factsheet." You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. . World Health Organization. Some chemical agents are highly lethal. [9][11] Persistent chemicals tend to have higher concentrations and are eliminated more slowly. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a class of highly hazardous chemical pollutants that are recognized as a serious, global threat to human health and to ecosystems. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. PCTP, which is also called PCTP, is used to make rubber more pliable in industrial uses. At room temperature, they have very low reactivity towards the carbon surface because of their . Persistent pesticides, which primarily consist of organochlorine pesticides, are considered persistent because they are stable in the environment and resist being broken down. [32], Evaluation of the effects of POPs on health is very challenging in the laboratory setting. In a press release published on May 4, 2017, the German Environment Agency (UBA) called for a paradigm shift in chemicals evaluation, suggesting that, both in research and in regulation, more attention should be given to persistent and mobile chemicals as opposed to the current focus primarily on persistent and bioaccumulative chemicals. Persistent plastics, with an estimated lifetime for degradation of hundreds of years in marine conditions, can break up into micro- and nanoplastics over shorter timescales, thus facilitating their uptake by marine biota throughout the food chain. EPA issuedfinal ruleson January 6, 2021. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Therefore, UBA recommends that industrial chemicals be assessed not only on the basis of their PBT [(persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic)] properties, but also on their mobility, that is their PMT [(persistent, mobile, toxic)] properties. This novel approach would concern, in particular, the evaluation of chemicals within REACH, e.g. Optimism Persistence is founded on optimism whereby an individual continues to believe in what they are doing despite obstacles. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Environmental Working Group. What are persistent and non persistent pollutants? Healthy corneal epithelium is essential in protecting the eye against infection and structural damage to deeper tissues. Endrin. Within a year, the UNEP had proposed theStockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, a treaty that was adopted in May of 2001 and that went into force in May of 2004. Persistent chemical warfare agents have affinity to retain on the carbon surface after they get physisorbed to the saturation capacity of carbon. gent ( pr-sis'tnt 'jnt) A chemical agent that under given conditions of temperature, pressure, wind, and other variables remains in the environment for longer than 1 day. These chemicals include substances with very diverse chemical structures and uses, from those that are highly persistent and bioaccumulative in the food chain and within organisms, to others that . They were also integrated into certain paints and copy papers. [5] This results in accumulation of POPs in areas far from where they were used or emitted, specifically environments where POPs have never been introduced such as Antarctica, and the Arctic circle. Identified Hazards PIP (3:1) is toxic to aquatic plants, aquatic invertebrates, sediment invertebrates and fish. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Two small cubs emerge tentatively at her heel for their first view of the world beyond a snow cave. German environment agency calls for criteria for mobile chemicals. Chemical Watch. The upper incisors have persistent pulps, and are curved longitudinally, forming a semicircle as in rodents; they are, however, not flattened from before backwards as in that order, but prismatic, with an antero-external, an anterointernal and a posterior surface, the first two only being covered with enamel; their tips are consequently not chisel-shaped, but sharp-pointed. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Celiac.com Sponsor (A12): A team of researchers recently set out to shed some light on . Biol. Environmental Protection Agency. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, vol. These include such infamous substances as: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); dioxins and furans; heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and chromium; existing and banned pesticides; and other chemicals with PBT .

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