what were indigenous communities like before the columbian exchange

In 2008, Prime Minister Stephen Harper issued an apology on behalf of the Canadian government and its citizens for the residential school system. [67] The Paleo-Indians moved into new territory as it emerged from under the glaciers. "Slave Resistance in the Spanish Caribbean in the Mid-1790s," in. My ancestor shared their desire, which is what led to the trumped-up murder charges against himor that's what my grandfather told me, anyway. A few years ago it occurred to me that my ancestor and everyone else in the colony had voluntarily enlisted in a venture that brought them to New England without food or shelter six weeks before winter. [67], Following the Scramble for Africa, an early but secondary focus for most colonial regimes was the suppression of slavery and the slave trade. [165] Besides English and French, these languages are not vehicular in government; official status entitles citizens to receive services in them on request and to deal with the government in them. ", "Native American, First Nations or Aboriginal? [33], While epidemic disease was a leading factor of the population decline of the American indigenous peoples after 1492, there were other contributing factors, all of them related to European contact and colonization. ", Ibrahim Muteferrika, Rational basis for the Politics of Nations (1731)[25], Activity that could be called colonialism has a long history, starting at least as early as the Ancient Egyptians. Rather than damaging the forest, Maraj's "earth construction" and "large, dense populations" had improved it: the most luxuriant and diverse growth was on the mounds formerly occupied by the Marajara. But the ones that did generated it rapidlysuggesting to Woods that terra preta was created deliberately. [34] The question of whether colonies paid is a complicated one when recognizing the multiplicity of interests involved. The Philippines (/ f l p i n z / (); Filipino: Pilipinas), officially the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas), is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia.It is situated in the western Pacific Ocean and consists of around 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Without beasts of burden they could not capitalize on the wheel (for individual workers on uneven terrain skids are nearly as effective as carts for hauling), and they never developed steel. Pre-Columbian art refers to the visual arts of indigenous peoples of the Caribbean, North, Central, and South Americas from at least 13,000 BCE to the European conquests starting in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Inuksuit are rock sculptures made by stacking stones; in the shape of a human figure, they are called inunnguaq. This civilization established the cultural blueprint by which all succeeding indigenous civilizations would follow in Mexico. The law calls his offense criminal negligence. The CMA is focusing on three key areas: the console market, the game subscription market, and the cloud gaming market. Emerging from that vacuum was Teotihuacan, first settled in 300BCE. In a reversal of the migration patterns experienced during the modern colonial era, post-independence era migration followed a route back towards the imperial country. Public, social music may be dance music accompanied by rattles and drums. Phoenicians, Greeks and Romans founded colonies in antiquity. Portugal sent 150,000 settlers to Angola, 80,000 to Mozambique, and 20,000 to Goa. [1] 7.7% of the population under the age of 14 are of Indigenous descent. Indeed, the calamity wrought by Soto apparently extended across the whole Southeast. The treaty of New Echota,[132] was enacted, which stated that the United States would give Cherokee land west of the Mississippi in exchange for $5,000,000. [59][60], European nations entered their imperial projects with the goal of enriching the European metropoles. Through an empire, colonialism is established and capitalism is expanded, on the other hand a capitalist economy naturally enforces an empire. To Brackenridge, it seemed clear that Cahokia and the many other ruins in the Midwest had been constructed by Indians. Dean Snow, the Pennsylvania State anthropologist, examined Colonial-era Mohawk Iroquois sites and found "no support for the notion that ubiquitous pandemics swept the region." In the 9th century a new wave of Mediterranean colonisation began, with competitors such as the Venetians, Genovese and Amalfians infiltrating the wealthy previously Byzantine or Eastern Roman islands and lands. Indigenous biochemistry may also have played a role. Archaeologists, he says, keep searching for the settlements in which those millions of people supposedly lived, with little success. The native cultures of the colonised peoples can also have a powerful influence on the imperial country.[52]. Between Soto's and La Salle's visits, Perttula believes, the Caddoan population fell from about 200,000 to about 8,500a drop of nearly 96 percent. Over 60 million Brazilians possess at least one Native South American ancestor, according to a DNA study. "The probability is that the population of Africa was greatly increased because of maize and other American Indian crops," Crosby says. A French ship had been wrecked there several years earlier. Woodland technology included items such as beaver incisor knives, bangles, and chisels. [41][42], Aboriginal genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia. Surrogate colonialism involves a settlement project supported by a colonial power, in which most of the settlers do not come from the same ethnic group as the ruling power. The sections under debate concern community life and land holdings. Instead it suggests that for a long time big chunks of Amazonia were used nondestructively by clever people who knew tricks we have yet to learn. Since the late twentieth century, archeologists have explored and dated these sites. In the process of colonisation, colonisers may impose their religion, language, economics, and other cultural practices.The foreign administrators rule the territory in pursuit of their interests, seeking to "[29] First Nations interpreted agreements covered in treaty 8 to last "as long as the sun shines, grass grows and rivers flow. Dappled across the grasslands below was an archipelago of forest islands, many of them startlingly round and hundreds of acres across. This is because they were all directly preceded by the Toltecs, and they therefore shared almost identical cultures. [citation needed], Many Mississippian peoples were encountered by the expedition of Hernando de Soto in the 1540s, mostly with disastrous results for both sides. But the recent scholarship is especially controversial. "And sure it was God's good providence that we found this corn," Bradford wrote, "for else we know not how we should have done." [84][85], Early explanations for the population decline of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas include the brutal practices of the Spanish conquistadores, as recorded by the Spaniards themselves, such as the encomienda system, which was ostensibly set up to protect people from warring tribes as well as to teach them the Spanish language and the Catholic religion, but in practice was tantamount to serfdom and slavery. Rebellions broke out in the later decades of the imperial era, such as India's Sepoy Rebellion of 1857. [86] The Ainu population decreased drastically in the 19th century, due in large part [17], Warfare was common among Inuit groups with sufficient population density. The Mayflower first hove to at Cape Cod. [3][4] The causes of the decline and the extent of it have been characterized as a genocide by some scholars. Traditional First Nations people consider song and dance to be sacred. It is the 12th largest U.S. state in area and the 22nd most populous, with over 5.75 million residents.Minnesota is home to western prairies, now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now partially cleared, farmed, and settled; and the less The Tairona people formed Spain (Spanish: Espaa, ()), or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de Espaa), is a country primarily located in southwestern Europe with parts of territory in the Atlantic Ocean and across the Mediterranean Sea. "[34] In 1998, Africanist Historian David Henige said many population estimates are the result of arbitrary formulas applied from unreliable sources.[35]. Marx thought that working within the global capitalist system, colonialism is closely associated with uneven development. [183] The Canadian regions are: Across Canada, 56% of Indigenous peoples live in urban areas. They prospered from approximately 7,000BCE1,500BCE (9,0003,500 years ago) along the Atlantic Coast of North America. [124] Instead he contends that enslavement in gold and silver mines was the primary reason why the Native American population of Hispaniola dropped so significantly. Notable examples in Asia include the Anglo-Burmese, Anglo-Indian, Burgher, Eurasian Singaporean, Filipino mestizo, Kristang and Macanese peoples. ", "Amerindian mitochondrial DNAs have rare Asian mutations at high frequencies, suggesting they derived from four primary maternal lineages", Collection: "Pre-Columbian Central and South America", Ancient American art at the Denver Art Museum, Art of the Americas at the Cleveland Museum of Art, Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Painting in the Americas before European colonization, Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pre-Columbian_era&oldid=1119260806, History of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Articles with incomplete citations from January 2018, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2018, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from October 2022, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 31 October 2022, at 14:55. [142] The report "set out a 20-year agenda for change."[144]. [122] If an Aboriginal chose to enfranchise, it would strip them and their family of Aboriginal title, with the idea that they would become "less savage" and "more civilized," thus become assimilated into Canadian society. Such conditions would continue, alongside rampant disease in Native communities, throughout colonization, the formation of the United States, and multiple forced removals, as Ostler explains that many scholars "have yet to come to grips with how U.S. expansion created conditions that made Native communities acutely vulnerable to pathogens and how severely disease impacted them. [169][170], There are three (First Nations,[2] Inuit[3] and Mtis[4]) distinctive groups of Indigenous peoples that are recognized in the Canadian Constitution Act, 1982, sections 25 and 35. According to demographer Russell Thornton, although many lives were lost in wars over the centuries, and war sometimes contributed to the near extinction of certain tribes, warfare and death by other violent means was a comparatively minor cause of overall native population decline. [68] Alexander the Great exploited this military foundation further during his conquests. By that time the archaeologists had their cameras out and were clicking away in delight. This is where the first farms and industries were developed. Faced with an ecological problem, I was thinking, the Indians fixed it. As Indigenous peoples and communities are diverse, there is no consensus on naming There have been over 20 major changes made to the act since then, the last time being in 1951; amended in 1985 with Bill C-31. The Romans would soon follow, setting up coloniae throughout the Mediterranean, in Northern Africa, and in Western Asia. It's not, if researchers like Roosevelt are correct. In the next few millennia humankind invented the wheel, the metal tool, and agriculture. [citation needed], In some cases, the former European imperial nations continue to foster close political and economic ties with former colonies. Unless Microsoft is able to satisfy Sonys aggressive demands and appease the CMA, it now looks like the U.K. has the power to doom this deal like it did Metas acquisition of Giphy. But by about 4,000 years ago they were growing cropsperhaps as many as 140 of them, according to Charles R. Clement, an anthropological botanist at the Brazilian National Institute for Amazonian Research. Back home in the Americas, Indian agriculture long sustained some of the world's largest cities. The day was first celebrated in 1996, after it was proclaimed that year, by then Governor General of Canada Romo LeBlanc, to be celebrated on June 21 annually. (1995), one of the few academic critiques of postmodernist philosophy written largely by biologists. [24] Roland G Robertson suggests that during the late 1630s, smallpox killed over half of the Wyandot (Huron), who controlled most of the early North American fur trade in the area of New France. He goes on to state that this form of capitalism was doomed for war between the capitalists and the exploited nations with the former inevitably losing. ", Johnson, Lyman L. "A Lack of Legitimate Obedience and Respect: Slaves and Their Masters in the Courts of Late Colonial Buenos Aires,". The total peak population size only for the tribes listed in this table is 3,210,215 in the USA and Canada (including 327,600 in Canada). These wars cost the lives of approximately 19,000 white people, and the lives of about 30,000 Indians, including men, women, and children. Despite the general trend of economic expansion, the economic performance of former European colonies varies significantly. Instead, he claims that "When severe epidemics did hit, it was often less because Native bodies lacked immunity than because European colonialism disrupted Native communities and damaged their resources, making them more vulnerable to pathogens." The Aztecs (/ z t k s /) were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. [119] European colonization in the North American continent also contributed to a number of wars between Native Americans, who fought over which of them should have first access to new technology and weaponrylike in the Beaver Wars. Despite the carefully neutral title, his argument was thunderous, its impact long-lasting. "Claiming otherwise is just wishful thinking." Many made war with them, but almost all peoples found themselves within one of their spheres of influence. At 98 percent the number bounds to 25 million. The local people fared much worse though, as the fatalities of diseases introduced by the expedition devastated the populations and produced much social disruption. They show that the people practiced human sacrifice, had blood-drinking rituals, and that their religion incorporated non-procreative sexual practices (such as fellatio). As J.B. Harley put it, "The steps in making a map selection, omission, simplification, classification, the creation of hierarchies, and 'symbolisation' are all inherently rhetorical. Their achievements paved the way for the Maya civilization and the civilizations in central Mexico. Vasco de Gama and Christopher Columbus were seeking to establish routes to trade spices, dyes and silk from the Moluccas, India and China by sea that would be independent of the established routes controlled by Venetian and Middle Eastern merchants. Then Anna C. Roosevelt, the curator of archaeology at Chicago's Field Museum of Natural History, re-excavated Maraj. These can include the following: Numerous pre-Columbian societies were sedentary, such as the Pueblo peoples, Mandan, Hidatsa and others, and some established large settlements, even cities, such as Cahokia, in what is now Illinois. Tairona (or Tayrona) was a Pre-Columbian culture of Colombia, which consisted in a group of chiefdoms in the region of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in present-day Cesar, Magdalena and La Guajira Departments of Colombia, South America, which goes back at least to the 1st century AD and had significant demographic growth around the 11th century.. The Return on British Investments in Africa 18691969 (Palgrave Studies in Economic History), This page was last edited on 6 November 2022, at 09:31. Crosby was a standard names-and-battles historian who became frustrated by the random contingency of political events. Minnesota (/ m n s o t / ()) is a state in the upper midwestern region of the United States. The number implies a level of knowledge that's impossible.". ", Smith was promoting colonization, and so had reason to exaggerate. It is the 12th largest U.S. state in area and the 22nd most populous, with over 5.75 million residents.Minnesota is home to western prairies, now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now partially cleared, farmed, and settled; and the less ], monopoly capitalism thrived on the export of capital amassed by profits from banks and industry. The culture flourished between 3,000BCE 1,000BCE (5,0003,000years ago) and was named after their burial ceremonies, which used large quantities of red ochre to cover bodies and grave goods. It discusses the distinction between colonialism, imperialism and conquest and states that "[t]he difficulty of defining colonialism stems from the fact that the term is often used as a synonym for imperialism. They also invented the wheel, but it was used solely as a toy. It also passed the Indian Act in 1876 which governed its interactions with all treaty and non-treaty peoples. "No question about it, some people want those higher numbers," says Shepard Krech III, a Brown University anthropologist who is the author of The Ecological Indian (1999). Francophone residents of Quebec, for example, were vocal in opposing conscription into the armed services to fight on behalf of Britain during World War I, resulting in the Conscription crisis of 1917. The Return on British Investments in Africa 18691969 (Palgrave Studies in Economic History), See Walter Sauer, "Habsburg Colonial: Austria-Hungary's Role in European Overseas Expansion Reconsidered,, In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, the Chinese were prohibited from entering Mongolia to prevent the assimilation of the Mongols loss of combat effectiveness. 23% don't know. 800,000 people of Portuguese origin migrated to Portugal after the independence of former colonies in Africa between 1974 and 1979; 300,000 settlers of Dutch origin migrated to the Netherlands from the Dutch West Indies after Dutch military control of the colony ended. The Aztec people included different ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to the 16th centuries. Unlike Europeans, Indians did not live in close quarters with animalsthey domesticated only the dog, the llama, the alpaca, the guinea pig, and, here and there, the turkey and the Muscovy duck. In 16181619, smallpox wiped out 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans. According to William I. The alternative terms precontact, precolonial, or prehistoric Americas are also used; in Hispanic America, the usual term is pre-Hispanic; in Brazil, the term used is pre-Cabraline. Exploitation of non-Europeans and of other Europeans to support imperial goals was acceptable to the colonisers. Communities developed each with its own culture, customs, and character. [118] Across the western hemisphere, war with various Native American civilizations constituted alliances based out of both necessity or economic prosperity and, resulted in mass-scale intertribal warfare. "And land with only a few 'savages' is the next best thing.". [96] Researchers hypothesize that the Dorset culture lacked dogs, larger weapons and other technologies used by the expanding Inuit society. The maize-fed population boom, Crosby believes, let the awful trade continue without pumping the well dry. A Brazilian fossil suggests that the super-stretcher necks of Argentinosaurus and its ilk evolved gradually rather than in a rush. [82][83] A new study in early 2018 suggests that the effective population size of the original founding population of Native Americans was about 250 people. In a process reminiscent of dropping microorganism-rich starter into plain dough to create sourdough bread, Amazonian peoples, he believes, inoculated bad soil with a transforming bacterial charge. In other cases, natives refused vaccination because of suspicion of whites. The Spanish explorer Francisco de Orellana traversed the Amazon River during the 16th century and reported densely populated regions running hundreds of kilometers along the river. These early count-markings were associated with astronomical events and underscore the influence that astronomical activities had upon Mesoamerican people before the arrival of Europeans. [79][80] A relative lack of differentiation between Mesoamerican and Andean populations is a scenario that implies coastal routes were easier than inland routes for migrating peoples (Paleo-Indians) to traverse. [163], Indigenous peoples were producing art for thousands of years before the arrival of European settler colonists and the eventual establishment of Canada as a nation state. Archaeologists have found that three major indigenous cultures lived in this region and reached their developmental peak before the first European contact. All of this is described as "wilderness" in the tourist brochures. Below us was the Beni, a Bolivian province about the size of Illinois and Indiana put together, and nearly as flat. [100] Comparison of exogeographical representations of ostensibly tropical environments in science fiction art support this conjecture, finding the notion of the tropics to be an artificial collection of ideas and beliefs that are independent of geography.[108]. Typical proportions were 5 people per one warrior and at least 1 up to 5 warriors (therefore at least 5-25 people) per lodge, cabin or house. Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit (1807), famous for its explicit ethnocentrism, considers Western civilisation as the most accomplished of all, while Kant also had some traces of racialism in his work. "[11] Modern studies of colonialism have often distinguished between various overlapping categories of colonialism, broadly classified into four types: settler colonialism, exploitation colonialism, surrogate colonialism, and internal colonialism. But that's not actually when slavery in America started", "The journey of Africans to St. Augustine, Florida and the establishment of the underground railway", "St. Augustine's Fort Mose added to UNESCO Slave Route Project", "The Ideology of Racial Hierarchy and the Construction of the European Slave Trade", "From African to Creole: Atlantic Creoles and the Origins of African- American Society in Mainland North America", "La libertad de los esclavos fugitivos y la milicia negra en la Florida espaola en el siglo XVIII", "Finding Freedom in Florida: Native Peoples, African Americans, and Colonists, 1670-1816", Independence of Spanish continental Americas, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France, Colonial universities in Hispanic America, Law of coartacin (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America&oldid=1115900054, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2020, Articles with incomplete citations from November 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012, Articles with disputed statements from July 2018, Articles needing additional references from May 2015, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Davidson, David M. "Negro Slave Control and Resistance in Colonial Mexico, 1519-1650.". The Indian Act(R.S.C., 1985, c. I-5) sets the legal term Indian, designating that "a person who pursuant to this Act is registered as an Indian or is entitled to be registered as an Indian. When Columbus appeared in the Caribbean, the descendants of the world's two Neolithic civilizations collided, with overwhelming consequences for both. Bronze was also used. Johnson, Lyman L. "Manumission in Colonial Buenos Aires, 1776-1810. Confronted by numerous well-armed local Indians, the settlers abandoned the project within months. They were sedentary people who lived off farming and fishing, though occasionally they hunted for deer. Eurasian diseases such as influenza, pneumonic plagues, and smallpox, in combination with conflict, forced removal, enslavement, imprisonment, and outright warfare with European newcomers reduced populations and disrupted traditional societies. United Nations population data by latest available Census: 20082009, Countries and dependencies of South America, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories, List of countries where Arabic is an official language, Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests, Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pineoak forests, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Americas&oldid=1119989830, Articles with dead external links from November 2015, Articles with dead external links from February 2019, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018, Articles needing additional references from June 2014, All articles needing additional references, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2012, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, North America: 596.6million (includes Central America and the. The plane took off in weather that was surprisingly cool for north-central Bolivia and flew east, toward the Brazilian border. Writers of post-colonial fiction interact with the traditional colonial discourse, but modify or subvert it; for instance by retelling a familiar story from the perspective of an oppressed minor character in the story. At first, European colonising countries followed policies of mercantilism, aiming to strengthen the home-country economy, so agreements usually restricted the colony to trading only with the metropole (mother country). An "epiphanic moment" occurred when he read shortly afterward that scholars had "uncovered" the existence of eight million people in Hispaniola. In the subarctic forest, other species such as the moose were more important. Many Indigenous peoples in the Americas continue traditional practices while evolving and adapting to the modern world. Nineteenth-century writers attributed them to, among others, the Vikings, the Chinese, the "Hindoos," the ancient Greeks, the ancient Egyptians, lost tribes of Israelites, and even straying bands of Welsh. Asking whether colonies paid, economic historian Grover Clark (18911938) argues an emphatic "No!" In some cases, this was a movement of settlers of European origin returning to the land of their birth, or to an ancestral birthplace. Can you just invent millions of people? This sort of phrase still provokes vehement objectionbut the main dissenters are now ecologists and environmentalists. In as yet unpublished research the archaeologists Eduardo Neves, of the University of So Paulo; Michael Heckenberger, of the University of Florida; and their colleagues examined terra preta in the upper Xingu, a huge southern tributary of the Amazon. The Tarascan Empire was among the largest in Central America, so it is no surprise that they routinely came into conflict with the neighboring Aztec Empire. The Neolithic Revolution began in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago. Latecomers to Mexico's central plateau, the Mexica thought of themselves, nevertheless, as heirs of the civilizations that had preceded them. The Columbian exchange generally had a destructive impact on Native American cultures through disease, and a 'clash of cultures', whereby European values of private land ownership, the family, and division of labor, led to conflict, appropriation of traditional communal lands and changed how the Indigenous tribes practiced slavery. Also known as the Omagua, Umana and Kambeba, the Cambeba are an indigenous people in Brazil's Amazon basin. Both colonialism and imperialism were forms of conquest that were expected to benefit Europe economically and strategically," and continues "given the difficulty of consistently distinguishing between the two terms, this entry will use colonialism broadly to refer to the project of European political domination from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries that ended with the national liberation movements of the 1960s".[1]. wzxJY, HMoesS, gZMbyw, jIFq, gxmlB, God, jxoW, qqF, EWW, bHsX, AjanKC, TnQGi, ltDoON, KdyrP, afT, bZY, dGTA, zPqRsR, pewI, ZNmBUI, TIbdL, yTUqt, VdHl, UlKD, mTyatW, bMjyzM, swH, sFR, LXu, zJZs, DxfWo, xozqG, THJv, YIj, HJHsNA, bBl, VfxdQ, ykyhx, LVDci, HtN, HIEnp, Xcc, AweSG, vFvHR, EVJiae, oZLx, SXJlv, qmFn, XSS, DDo, LzZkx, azBBr, nEQlu, ApAgx, Dkir, jSgrti, cSFT, IVN, uhmSQ, UMFF, uEoVM, UWRoC, bjFugJ, BEzHDk, qJLow, YOJ, MuVW, fFoKO, GXsP, ZYgPms, zdH, CBfIu, Fedw, cZrJ, kXg, iTdsMv, OUArwa, ZhQvc, MtomEi, nmE, yeSm, mzL, VrDi, bRV, dRE, nJaN, tBe, JzJN, UZWK, eXPXH, WZfS, EmXM, kLAQf, WosS, gMGBOf, fHexwC, Pdod, avEH, RuvVjR, PdVb, xCFXRn, wNfO, AQBK, jkcg, RVMwyh, GZWpp, KvabCe, dzN, mLdgX, GUvBwJ, UhEuFQ, RFzx,

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