microbial taxonomy and diversity mcq pdf

Therefore in other words, taxonomy is related tonomenclature,classificationandphylogeny of organisms. ---- >> Below are the Related Posts of Above Questions :::------>>[MOST IMPORTANT]<, Your email address will not be published. Source: 1. 23S rRNAC. b. Bacteriology (B - 102) Unit - I Eubacteria, Archaeobacteria, Cyanobacteria-General comparison, Morphology and structure of a typical Bacterium (Eubacterium). Engineering 2022 , FAQs Interview Questions. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 11 However, invention of microscope in 16th century made it possible to explore the living world, which was not earlier possible to explore through human-naked-eyes. 2. Citrate 1. The name of the author who first gave the correct name as per rules is written in abbreviated form after the specific name and is written in Roman. The similarity or resemblance between the strains is calculated. Kingdom Plantae 5. c. Character selection is the greatest disadvantage in this approach. NDRI : National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132 001 American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Parklawn Drive, Rockwille, Maryland, USA. It is used to trace the source of outbreaks of infections. H2S production in SIM 2. Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees (synonyms: cladograms, phylogenetic trees, phylogenies). The replacement of two kingdom classification by five kingdom classification was proposed by the year. We enrolled 51 healthy volunteers (26 female, mean . L. Brevis L.sanfranciscensis 50% L. brevis L. acidophilus 70% L. Brevis L. plantarum 60% L. Sanfranciscensis L. acidophilus 50% L. sanfranciscensis L. plantarum 50% L. Plantarum L. acidophilus 60%. Pink slant / Yellow butt (K/A) Non lactose fermenters. Urease positive pink colour Urease negative yellow colour Positive Proteus, Klebsiella Negative E.coli, Salmonella. In this classification, cellular organisms have been divided into five kingdoms namely, Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. In 1956, Lynn Margulis and H. F. Copeland adapted this criterion in their classification and proposed a four-kingdom classification system in which kingdom- Protista was divided into two new kingdoms, Monera containing all prokaryotes and Protoctista containing all simple, microscopic eukaryotic organisms like algae, protozoa and fungi. They provide additional information for the identification of the bacterium. Start studying Microbial Taxonomy and Diversity. Monera gave rise to protists probably through association of several types of primitive and advanced monerans. Because DNA fingerprinting enables identification to the level of species, subspecies, and often strain, it is valuable not only in the study of microbial diversity, but in the identification of human, animal, and plant pathogens as well. The phage drops are allowed to dry and are incubated: The susceptible phage regions will show a circular clearing where the bacteria have been lysed, and this is used in differentiation. Each bifurcation in a tree repreasens a common ancestor of the organisms farther out in the tree. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 23 Demerits of Five kingdom system. Life Sciences Multiple Choice Questions on Bacterial Taxonomy. Taxonomy is the branch of science dealing with naming, grouping of organisms on the basis of the degree of similarity and arranging them in an order on the basis of their evolutionary relationship. Phylogenies have two components: branching order (showing group relationships) and branch length (showing amount of evolution). Which of these bacterial components is least likely to contain useful antigens? 3. In identification, the third area, an unknown bac- DS/MICRO/RKMV 42 Biovars: Strains that differ in biochemical or physiological differences Morphovars: Strains that vary in morphology . Taxos A (bacitracin sensitivity testing) 5. An example for the artificial system of classification. The midpoint of the rising curve gives the melting temperature, a direct measure of the G + C content. Each branch point on the cladogram is defined by a feature shared by various species on that branch. a) Family-order-genus-order-division-class, 12. Prokaryotes, DOI: 10.1002/9780470750490.ch1 Incubation at 10 to 15C below the Tm, permits hybrid formation only with almost identical strands. Phenetics means as observed in the phenotype. If the sequences of the 16S rRNAs of two organisms are identical, the Sab value is 1.0. 6. Priest and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Medical categories. The requirements for microbial growth can be divided into two main categories: physical and chemical. It is the collection of microbial strains, that share many properties, and differ significantly from other groups of strains. CHARACTER PLANTAE ANIMALIA Body organization Simple, Organ systems like Well developed and organ excretory, sensory, nervous etc. Plant body is either thalloid (algae and some of bryophytes) or differentiated into root, stem and leaves; nonmotile; Cell wall is present and it is chemically made up of cellulose. Blood Agar Plates (BAP) : Streak-stab tubes technique 3. In addition to peptone, yeast extract & agar, it contains 3 sugars Glucose, Lactose, Sucrose. Glucose fermentation & gas production 5. One is nomenclature, which is the naming of bacteria. There are three families of repetitive sequences: the 154 bp BOX elements, the 124127 bp enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequence, and 3540 bp repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) sequences. It is the practical use of classification criteria to distinguish certain organisms from others, to verify the authenticity or utility of a strain or a particular reaction or to isolate and identify the organism that causes a disease. The domain Eucarya is divided into four kingdoms by most biologists: Kingdom Protista, including the protozoa and algae Kingdom Fungi, the fungi (molds, yeast, and fleshy fungi) Kingdom Animalia, the multicellular animals Kingdom Plantae, the multicellular plants 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 36 Merits of Carl Woeses system: Since this is most advance system of classification, it has attempted to address various demerits of five-kingdom classification. Either complete rRNAs or, more often, specific rRNA fragments can be compared. PseudomonasAnswer: AClarification: Thiomargarita namibiensis and epulopiscium fishelsoni are the largest bacteria of 600 micrometers in length and 75 micrometers in diameter and are easily visible to eyes. Now based on this data matrix of coefficient of association, a phenogram can be constructed. Microscopic appearance 2. Q2) Attempt any two of the following : [16] a) Describe the application of BLAST in sequence analysis. Systematics, in other words, is used to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth. Staphylococcus identification tests MSA, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 58 OXIDASE TEST Detects the presence of an enzyme oxidase produced by certain bacteria which will reduce the dye: tetramethyl-p-phenylene diamine dihydrochloride. 5. 4. Urease test 10. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 88 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 89 More distantly related organisms can be compared by carrying out DNA- RNA hybridization experiments , using radioactive ribosomal or transfer RNA. The endospore consists of bacterial DNA and part of its cytoplasm surrounded by a very tough outer coating. b) Explain the importance and utility of DNA homology analysis in bacterial taxonomy. Clinical microbiology laboratories typically will identify a pathogen in a clinical sample: purify the microorganism by plating a single colony of the microorganism on a separate plate, and then perform a series of biochemical studies that will identify the bacterial species. E. As a result of this system, the animal and plant kingdom appear more homogenous than they were in two- kingdom system F. Five kingdom system has tried to bring out phytogenetic relationships even amongst the primitive forms hence appear more natural. and DNA, which is the genetic material and is called nucleoid, is not found associated with histone proteins; cell wall is often present but chemically made up material other than cellulose. Each branch point, or node, in the cladogram represents an ancestor common to all species beyond that node. The branches at the tips of the tree called terminal branches, lead to the organisms that are under study. A phylogeny that only shows the relationships is an unrooted tree, where one that show their derivation is a rooted tree. All the known organisms posses either prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell organization and therefore they can be accordingly called as ether prokaryotes or eukaryotes, respectively. Nutrition is absorptive heterotrophy where organism secretes digestive enzymes into the substrate and then absorbs the digested food. These are approximately 1500bp in length. A proposed test that uses flow cytometry to detect Listeria in milk could save time because the bacteria wouldnt need to be cultured for identification. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 109 Cladograms Cladograms are maps, that show evolutionary relationships among organisms (clado- means branch). Name three reserve materials synthesized by microorganisms and note which microbial groups use them as their primary storage product. It includes microalgae, protozoa and slime moulds. Other analysis combine data obtained by sequencing different genes or gene products. Antibodies against Listeria can be labeled with a fluorescent dye and added to the milk to be tested. kingdom in their new system of classification, which they proposed in 1990. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 3 Aims of Taxonomy, Classification of organisms Show relationships among organisms Way to provide universal identification of an organism. It involves separating living organisms (and fossil forms of preexisting . Book Description. We evaluated determinants of fecal microbial -glucuronidase and -glucosidase activities, focusing especially on associations with microbial alpha and beta diversity and taxonomy. These are short, conserved nucleotide sequences that are specific for a phylogenetically defined group of organisms. In this taxonomic hierarchy each organism is assigned a species name and species of very similar organisms are grouped into a genus. DNA contains four purine and pyrimidine bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). 9. For example, cytochrome c protein, a component of electron transport chain occurring in mitochondria; rbcl gene, encoding rubisco enzyme present in chloroplast and small subunit ribosomal RNAs (SSUrRNAs) are very useful in such studies. Urease test 6. The body of organisms is mycelial in form; cell wall is present and made up of chitin or cellulose. 16S rRNAB. Phylum Chlorobi The green sulfur bacteria Anoxygenic photosynthesis Includes genus Chlorobium, 4. When a DNA sample is slowly heated, the absorbance increases as hydrogen bonds are broken and reaches a plateau when all the DNA has become single stranded . This yields a table of similarities (similarity matrix) based on the chosen set of characteristics. The degree of similarity or homology is expressed as the percent of experimental DNA radioactivity retained on the filter, compared with the percent of homologous DNA radioactivity bound under the same conditions . microbes can radically and quickly change an environment, Bacteria evolved photosynthesis 2.7 bya (Cyanobacteria), science of naming, describing and classifying organisms, study of fungi (eukaryota/eukarya domain), study of algae (eukaryota/eukarya domain), study of protozoa (eukaryota/eukarya domain), Microbes tend to have a distinct range of salinities which are optimal for growth with little to no growth outside that range, Halophile - grow optimally at NaCl concentration of 3% or higher, Extreme halophile - require NaCl concentrations of 15-25%, Osmotolerant - will grow at salinity concentrations over wide range, minimum, maximum, and optimum (most growth), grow in presence or absence of oxygen; can do aerobic and anaerobic respiration, do not require oxygen but are not adversely affected by it, survive only in environments containing lower than atmospheric oxygen levels, Bacteria live in habitats across pH spectrum but the range of an individual species is small, the number of different species in a community, The number of individuals of each species, the relative proportion of different species in a given area, we want a calculation that considers abundances, species richness, and evenness of a community. 12/10/2019 DS/RKMV/MB 64 DICHOTOMOUS KEYS (DICHOTOMOUS MEANS CUT IN TWO). 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 21 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (INVEERTEBRATE AND VERTEBRATE ANIMALS):CHARACTERISTICS 1. This system of classification was called two-kingdom classification and it was followed for a very long period in history of biological sciences. have multiple important characteristics unlike either bacteria or eukaryotic organisms. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 82 Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A, B and C cause enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) in human, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 83 6. Special cellular structures 6. Each node is defined by a similarity in rRNA present in all species beyond that branch point. Therefore in other words, taxonomy is related to nomenclature, classification and phylogeny of organisms. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. the present review provides an overview of taxonomy tools for understanding prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial diversity, the first section covers the spatial and temporal distribution of. It is an orange red medium with a slant and a butt. MCQ on Taxonomy and Systematics 1. In a dichotomous key, identification is based on successive questions, and each question has two possible answers. As probes are developed, FISH can be used to detect bacteria in drinking water or bacteria in a patient without the normal 24-hour or longer wait required to culture the bacteria. Microbiology MCQs 1. USSER Antibiotic Research Institute, Moscow Indian Type Culture collection (ITCC), Indian agricultural research institute, new Delhi Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank (MTCC), Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India. Few microbial functions have been compared to a comprehensive survey of the human fecal microbiome. 4. If the fluid passing through the opening is illuminated by a laser, the scattering of light provides information about the cell size, shape, density, and surface, which is analyzed by a computer. Obligate acidophilic bacteria: - Archaea Thiobacillus ferrooxidans - often also halophilic Obligate acidophilic - Sometimes: H+ gradient replaced by Na+ gradient Archaea:Sulfolobus, Thermoplasma (motility, energy) Most critical: Biological membrane - industrial applications (especially exoenzymes): + restrict H ions entry -Proteases/lipases for detergents (Bacillus licheniformis) -pH optima of these enzymes: 9-10, 12/10/2019 DS/BC/BTH 103 74 Bacterial growth: Osmosis, Soil: water activity = 0.9 1.0 In general: bacteria normally have higher osmotic pressure than environment = positive water balance, Osmophiles: - grow in presence of high sugar concentration Xerophiles - grow in dehydrated environments, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 76 Bacterial growth: Halophiles, Halophiles: - requirement for Na+ - grow optimally in media with low water activity - Mild: 1-6 % NaCl - Moderate: 6-15 % NaCl most other organisms - extreme: 15 30% NaCl would be dehydrated, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 77 Sensitivity to antibiotics, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 78 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 79 Phage typing. Chainlike group of bacteriaC. Number of chromosomes C. A prokaryotic cell is similar to a eukaryotic organelle D. Cell wall Answer: C Used to detect indole production by the organism. Lines called phenon lines, represent lines of % similiarity of phonetic features between organisms. phenetic classification. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 65 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 66 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 67 4. They lack true nuclei and other membrane bound organelles such as mitochondrion, chloroplast, Golgi bodies, lysosomes etc. These newly established types are called neotypes. If characters chosen for comparison are inadequate, the statistical methods may give less satisfactory solution. Class-order-division-family-species-tribe, c) 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 94 8. The amino acid sequences of proteins directly reflect mRNA sequences and therefore represent the genes coding for their synthesis. Download Microbial Taxonomy Phylogeny And Biodiversity PDF/ePub, Mobi eBooks by Click Download or Read Online button. Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa, Botany School, France Microbial Type-Culture Collection, Osaka, Japan. The data must be coded and scaled in an appropriate fashion. After radioactive fragments are allowed to hybridize with the membrane-bound ss-DNA, the membrane is washed to remove any non-hybridized ssDNA and its radioactivity is measured. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 52 Bacterial Capsules: It usually consists of polysaccharides,but can be composed of other materials such as polypeptide D-glutamic acid, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 53 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 54 2. mitochondria and chloroplast. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 90 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 91 16S rRNA, Sequence Conservation Level nearly universal intermediate hypervariable 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 92 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 93 Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) :Fluorescent dyelabeled RNA or DNA probes are used to stain microorganisms in place, or in situ. Methods for Microbial Taxonomy and Determination of Evolutionary Relationships Appearance (size, shape, staining characteristics) Metabolic capabilities (ability to break down various compounds) Other easy-to-observe characteristics (flourescence, pathogenicity) How do we classify all these diverse life forms? An example for the artificial Copyright 2022 eBooks Links All Rights Reserved. Coagulase Test 13. -used to determine the genus and species of a newly discovered prokaryote. Although these keys often have little to do with phylogenetic relationships, theyre invaluable for identification. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 84 The higher the melting temperature, the greater the guanine-cytosine (GC) content of the DNA. Because strands with similar, but not identical, sequences associate to form less temperature stable dsDNA hybrids. However, a species may be divided into two or more subspecies based on minor but consistent phenotypic variations within the species, or on genetically determined clusters of strains within the species. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 111 Construct a cladogram. It is a group of organisms differing widely with one another except that they all are simple and minute eukaryotes. They contain true nuclei and membrane bound organelles; cell wall may or may not be present. The viruses that infect bacteria are called bacteriophages ("phages" for short) and some of these can only infect a single strain of bacteria. Which of the following contains structures composed of N-acetylmuramic acid and N- acetylglucosamine? The technique is similar to that employed for DNA-DNA hybridization: membrane bound DNA is incubated with radioactive rRNA, washed, and counted. The level at which they are connected is based on an average value of the pairs S to W, S to X, T to W and T to X: [(S to W)+ (S to X)+ (T to W) + (T to X)] / 4 = [0.5+0.7+0.7+0.5] / 4 = 0.24/ 4 = 0.6 The relationship of Y and Z to the other four OTUs is assessed in the same way and found to be? b) Describe the methods for extracting total bacterial DNA from a habitat. They exhibit mobility, sensitivity to different stimuli and definite growth. In recently proposed classifications, a new higher rank- domain/empire has been added on the top of rank, kingdom. DNA melting can be easily followed spectrophotometrically because the absorbance of DNA at 260 nm (UV light) increases during strand separation. The small subunit rRNAs (SSU rRNAs) are almost ideal for studies of microbial evolution and relatedness because they play the same role in all microorganisms. Using FISH, researchers discovered a tiny bacterium called Pelagibacter (pel-AJ-e-bak-ter) in the ocean and determined that its related to the rickettsias . Different strains represent genetic variability within a species. Phylum Euryarchaeota Contains primarily methanogenic archaea, halophilic archaea, and thermophilic, sulfur-reducing archaea, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 31 2) Phylogeny of domain Bacteria. By introduction of the rank of domain, this system has become natural up to highest level. Placement of algae on the basis of degree of cellular organization into different kingdoms appears to be unrealistic. The first, and possibly the simplest, technique to be employed is the determination of DNA base composition. The bar code is then computer analyzed using pattern recognition software as well as software that calculates phylogenetic relationships. 1. 10. Microorganisms are actually composed of very different and taxonomically diverse groups of communities: archaea, bacteria, fungi and viruses. Numerical Taxonomy used to create phenetic classification systems multistep process - code information about properties of organisms e.g., 1 = has trait; 0 = doesn't have trait - use computer to compare organisms on 50 characters - determine association coefficient - construct similarity matrix Which among the following is called as filamentous bacteria. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 22 Merits of Five Kingdom System A. The replacement of two of 7 BIOL 3702 Lecture Outline Chapter 19 - Microbial Taxonomy and Phylogeny Overview The extraordinary diversity of the microbes is fascinating, yet very complex Due to the diverse nature of living organisms, it is desirable to categorize them into groups based upon their similarities Taxonomy - the science of biological classification The system of plant classification proposed by Carolus Linnaeus was artificial because a) It was based on evolutionary relationship of plants b) It was based on similarities and differences in floral and other morphological characters only Microbiology An Introduction By Tortora et al 4. They play the ecological role of producers. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 24 Three Domain Classification Progress done in molecular biology especially in biochemistry and molecular genetics in later decades of 20th century provided new techniques to study and compare organisms. Indole 2. Microbial Phylogeny And Evolution written by Jan Sapp and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-03-03 with Science categories. It is the group of mostly multicellular or multinucleate achlorophyllous and spore-producing eukaryotic organisms and includes mildews, moulds, yeasts, morals, truffles, mushrooms, rusts etc. kingdom classification by five kingdom classification was proposed by the year, 6. They produce indole from tryptophan present in peptone water. Name the acid present in the cell wall of bacteria which helps in retaining its color during the acid-fast test?A. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 114 The logical steps in classification based on numerical methods. Calculate the percentage of similarity in the nucleotide bases between pairs of species. Taxonomy can be separated into three major areas of activity. Binomial nomenclature means writing the name of plant in two words which designate. Collection of data. pH of the medium 7.4, 12/10/2019 DS/RKMV/MB 60 TSI REACTIONS: Yellow Acid Pink - Alkaline Yellow slant / Yellow butt (A/A) Lactose fermenters. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 37 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 38 Definition of species in microbiology: In microbiology the term species is defined as a collection of strains having similar characteristics. Phenol red is the indicator. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 40 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 41 Strain: Types specimens (Cultures) A strain is defined as a cell population , arising from a single organism as a pure culture. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 117 Here, S and T as well as W and X are similar at the 0.8 level and Y and Z are similar at 0.9 level. Phage typing, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 44 1.Microscopic appearance, Often does not require sophisticated equipment, Microscopic examination: Cell shape Cell surface Colony color, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 45 Microscopic Examination: Cell Shape: Coccus, Streptococcus (chain) 12/10/2019 StaphylococcusDS/MICRO/RKMV 46 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 47 Microscopic Examination: Cell Shape: Bacillus, Streptobacillus (chain) 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 48 Microscopic Examination: Cell Shape: Spirillum, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 49 Bacterial Morphology, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 50 Types of Flagella. Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer while gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer. It is a group of all macroscopic animals derived from zygote and includes sponges, coelentrates, worms, annelids, arthopodes, mollusces, star fishes, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The original culture of a bacterium based on which the description is derived, forms the type strain, and all other strains that are sufficiently similar to the type strain, together form the species. In double-stranded DNA, A pairs with T, and G pairs with C. Thus the (GC)/(AT) ratio or G + C content, the percent of G + C in DNA, reflects the base sequence and varies with sequence changes as follows: G C Mol%(G C) 100% G C AT. The most direct approach is to determine the amino acid sequence of proteins with the same function. Cubelike group of bacteriaD. Contains Sodium citrate and bromothymol blue as the indicator. BiologyExams4u -Free Certificate Course -Alison.com, MCQ Biology - Learning Biology Through MCQs, Our website uses cookies to improve your experience. -incorporates information from genetic phenotypic and phylogenetic analysis. All species beyond a node (branch point) have similar rRNA sequences, suggesting that they arose from an ancestor at that12/10node/2019 . The higher the Sab values, the more closely the organisms are related to each other. bacterial diversity. Mycolic acidB. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 99 12/10/2019 100 DS/MICRO/RKMV Searching on the web: BLAST at NCBI, Very fast computer dedicated to running BLAST searches, Many databases that are always up to date (e.g. Phylum Proteobacteria The largest group of gram-negative bacteria Extremely complex group, with over 400 genera and 1300 named species All major nutritional types are represented: phototrophy, heterotrophy, and several types of chemolithotrophy Sometimes called the purple bacteria, although very few are purple; the term refers to a hypothetical purple photosynthetic bacterium from which the group is believed to have evolved Divided into 5 classes: Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Epsilonproteobacteria, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 33 Phylum Proteobacteria (Cont..) Photosynthetic genera such as Rhodospirillum (a purple non-sulfur bacterium) and Chromatium (a purple sulfur bacterium) Sulfur chemolithotrophs, genera Thiobacillus and Beggiatoa Nitrogen chemolithotrophs (nitrifying bacteria), genera Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas Other chemolithotrophs, genera Alcaligenes, Methylobacilllus, Burkholderia, The family Enterobacteriaceae, the gram-negative enteric bacteria, which includes genera Escherichia, Proteus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella, Serratia, and others The family Pseudomonadaceae, which includes genus Pseudomonas and related genera Other medically important Proteobacteria include genera Haemophilus, Vibrio, Camphylobacter, Helicobacter, Rickessia, Brucella, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 34 5.

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